Probability of hospitalisation and death among COVID-19 patients with comorbidity during outbreaks occurring in Mexico City.

Background: We compared the probability of hospitalization and death caused by COVID-19 in patients with comorbidities during three periods defined for this study: first-wave (FW), interwave period (IP), and second-wave (SW) observed in Mexico City. Methods: In this registry-based study, we included individuals over 20 years of age. During the FW (symptomatic), the IP, and the SW (symptomatic and asymptomatic), participants were diagnosed using nasopharyngeal swabs. Symptomatic individuals with risk factors for serious disease or death were referred to the hospital. SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined by RT-qPCR in all hospitalized patients. All data were added to the SISVER database. Bayesian analysis and False Discovery Rate were used for further evaluation. Results: The study included 2 260 156 persons (mean age of 43.1 years). Of these, 8.6% suffered from DM, 11.6% arterial hypertension, and 9.7% obesity. Of the total, 666 694 persons tested positive (29.5%). Of the infected persons, a total of 85 587 (12.8%) were hospitalized: 24 023 in the FW; 16 935 in the IP, and 44 629 in the SW. Of the hospitalized patients, there were 42 979 deaths (50.2%), in the FW, 11 964 (49.8%), in the IP, 6794 (40.1%), and in the SW 24 221 (54.3%). The probability of death among individuals hospitalized with or without comorbidities increased consistently in all age groups. A significant increase in the Fatality Rate was observed in individuals with comorbidities (1.36E-19< = FDR< = 3.36E-2). A similar trend was also observed in individuals without comorbidities (1.03E-44< = FDR< = 5.58E-4). Conclusions: The data from this study show a considerable increase in the number of detected cases of infection between the FW and SW. In addition, 12.8% of those infected were hospitalized for severe COVID-19. A high mortality rate was observed among hospitalized patients (>50%). An age-dependent probability of death was observed with a positive trend in hospitalized patients with and without comorbidities.

Territorial Strategy of Medical Units for Addressing the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City: Analysis of Mobility, Accessibility and Marginalization.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an exponential increase in the demand for medical care worldwide. In Mexico, the COVID Medical Units (CMUs) conversion strategy was implemented. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the CMU coverage strategy in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) by territory. MATERIALS: The CMU directory was used, as were COVID-19 infection and mobility statistics and Mexican 2020 census information at the urban geographic area scale. The degree of urban marginalization by geographic area was also considered. METHOD: Using descriptive statistics and the calculation of a CMU accessibility index, population aggregates were counted based on coverage radii. In addition, two regression models are proposed to explain (1) the territorial and temporal trend of COVID-19 infections in the MCMA and (2) the mobility of the COVID-infected population visiting medical units. RESULTS: The findings of the evaluation of the CMU strategy were (1) in the MCMA, COVID-19 followed a pattern of contagion from the urban center to the periphery; (2) given the growth in the number of cases and the overload of medical units, the population traveled greater distances to seek medical care; (3) after the CMU strategy was evaluated at the territory level, it was found that 9 out of 10 inhabitants had a CMU located approximately 7 km away; and (4) at the metropolitan level, the lowest level of accessibility to the CMU was recorded for the population with the highest levels of marginalization, i.e., those residing in the urban periphery.

[Relationship among prop phenotype, body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat and food intake]. / Relación entre el fenotipo prop, el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura, la grasa corporal total y el consumo dietario.

The PROP phenotype (6-n-propylthiouracil) has been proposed as indicator of body mass index, adiposity and food intake. This relationship among variables is contradictory. No correlation has been found among the PROP phenotype, body indicators and energy consumption in some studies. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among PROP taster status, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), total body fat (TBF) and food intake. The PROP taster status was established using two scales: the nine-point scale and the general labeled magnitude scale. Dietary habits of participants were recorded online during 35 days. The classification by PROP phenotype varied according to the scale. No significant differences were observed between PROP tasters and PROP non-tasters, with both scales, in body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat and energy and macronutrient intake. The PROP phenotype was not an indicator factor of body weight, adiposity and energy and macronutrients consumption in young adults.

Relación entre el fenotipo PROP, el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura, la grasa corporal total y el consumo dietario / Relationship among prop phenotype, body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat and food intake

El fenotipo de degustación PROP (6-n-propil -tiuoraucilo) ha sido propuesto como un indicador del índice de masa corporal, de adiposidad y del consumo dietario. La relación entre estas variables es contradictoria. Diversos estudios no han encontrado correlación entre el fenotipo PROP, los indicadores corporales y el consumo energético. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el estatus PROP, el índice de masa corporal(IMC), la circunferencia de cintura (CC), la grasa corporal total (GC) y el consumo de alimentos. El estatus PROP fue determinado utilizando dos escalas: una categórica de nueve puntos y una general de magnitud etiquetada. Los hábitos dietarios de los participantes fueron registrados en línea durante 35 días. La clasificación por fenotipo PROP varió según la escala. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre degustadores y no degustadores PROP, con ambas escalas, en índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, grasa corporal total, ingesta energética y de macro nutrientes. El fenotipo PROP no fue factor indicativo del peso corporal, de adiposidad nide consumo dietario en jóvenes adultos (AU)

The PROP phenotype (6-n-propylthiouracil) has been proposed as indicator of body mass index, adiposity and food intake. This relationship among variables is contradictory. No correlation has been found among the PROP phenotype, body indicators and energy consumption in some studies. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among PROP taster status, body mass index(BMI), waist circumference (WC), total body fat (TBF)and food intake. The PROP taster status was established using two scales: the nine-point scale and the general labeled magnitude scale. Dietary habits of participants were recorded online during 35 days. The classification by PROP phenotype varied according to the scale. No significant differences were observed between PROP tasters and PROP non-tasters, with both scales, in body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat and energy and macronutrient intake. The PROP phenotype was not an indicator factor of body weight, adiposity and energy and macronutrients consumption in young adults (AU)

Induction of Cd36 expression elicited by fish oil PUFA in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Cd36 is an integral membrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of cells active in fatty acid metabolism (adipocytes, muscle cells, platelets, monocytes, heart and intestine cells). This protein plays diverse functions including uptake of long-chain fatty acids and oxidized low-density lipoproteins. A recent report demonstrates that Cd36 deficiency underlies insulin resistance, defective fatty acid metabolism and hypertriglyceridemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Cd36 is a tightly regulated protein whose expression is modulated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) transcription factors, by conditions that alter lipid metabolism such as diabetes mellitus and high-fat feeding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary fish oil, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), on metabolic parameters and on the expression levels of Cd36 in adipose tissue in the SHR. Spontaneously hypertensive rats showed lower Cd36 mRNA levels when compared to Kyoto-Wistar (KW) rats (control). After 6 weeks of fish oil (FO) administration, this group of SHRs (FO-SHR) presented increased levels of Cd36 mRNA, concomitantly with decreased insulin, free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, total lipids and blood pressure, in comparison to control rats that received a corn-canola oil diet. The study confirmed the beneficial effects of fish oil administration on the metabolic syndrome, suggesting that the induction of Cd36 expression could be one of the molecular mechanisms elicited by fish oil PUFAs.

The consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa dried calyx ethanolic extract reduced lipid profile in rats.

The scientific basis for the statement that plants and their active constituents play an important role in the prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases is continously advancing. The object of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. dried calyx ethanolic extract on the serum lipid profile of Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were fed during 4 weeks with either a basal diet, containing high cholesterol (1%), cholic acid (0.25%), lard oil (10%), or a supplemental diet with H. sabdariffa extract at 5%, 10%, and 15% levels (SD(5), SD(10), SD(15)). Weight gain and faeces dry weight were both very significantly less (p

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat brain plasma membrane fatty acid composition

The effects of four different diets on phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat brain plasma membranes were evaluated. Rats were given a semisynthetic diet in which lipids were supplied by 5 per cent peanut oil (n-3 PUFA deficient diet), cod liver oil (n-6 PUFA deficient diet), partially hydrogenated palm oil (total PUFA deficient diet) or a mixture of peanut and rapeseed oil (control group). Animals fed the total PUFA deficient diet had significantly lower body and brain weights than the control group (p<0.05). Lower brain cholesterol and phospholipids also were observed in animals fed the total PUFA deficient diet, whereas the brain of animals fed the n-6 PUFA deficient diet had higher levels of these lipid components than the control group (p<0.05). Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were mutually replaced in animals fed the n-6 and n-3 PUFA deficient diets, so that the sum of these two membrane constituents was maintained around 77 per cent of total phospholipids. Brain phospholipid fatty acid composition was significantly modified by the diets studied. Thus, despite being a highly protected organ, the fatty acid composition of the brain can be extensively modulated by dietary lipids.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on adenylate cyclase, 5'nucleotidasa and Na+K+-ATPase activities in rat brain-plasma membrane

The incidence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in human nutrition is now generally accepted. As essential membrane components, PUFA may act as enzyme activity modulators. In this study, four different diets, in which PUFA type was the only modifying factor, were evaluated on 5'nucleotidase, adenylate cyclase and Na+/K+ATPase activities in rat brain plasma membranes. Animals fed the total PUFA deficient diet exhibited significant lower body weight and lower brain weight than did the control group. The specific activities of 5'nucleotidase and Na+/K+ATPase in brain plasma membrane were slightly modified by dietary PUFA. The catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase in total PUFA deficient animals presented augmented enzyme activity and animals receiving diets deficient in n-6 PUFA showed reduced activity in relation to the control animals. Our results showed that the epinephrine receptors, in the case of adenylate cyclase are not modified by dietary PUFA, but rather the catalytic unit seems to be altered by dietary PUFA. These results can be partially explained by the fluidity that PUFA confers to membranes facilitating the proximity of enzyme-substrate. The physiological consequences of dietary PUFA incidence on enzyme activity needs further study.